A Brief History Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay

A Brief History Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the term used for any type of business or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of products, services and information over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. The trader and customer are not face to face at any point during these transactions, the business being conducted remotely, regardless of location. E-commerce covers a range of different types of businesses, from consumer based retail sites, through auction or music sites, to business exchanges trading goods and services between corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web. Although most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in one way or another, a large percentage of e-commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items, such as access to certain information on a website, purchasin g software or other on-line services. E-business is a superset of e-commerce   [ 1 ]   . Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions. E-commerce can be mainly divided into Business-to-Business electronic commerce (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer electronic commerce (B2C). B2B implies that both sellers (suppliers) and buyers are business corporations, while B2C implies that buyers are individual consumers. Business-to-business e-commerce is significantly different from business-to-consumer e-commerce. While B2C merchants sell on a first-come, first-served basis, most B2B commerce is done through negotiated contracts that allow the seller to anticipate and plan for how much the buyer will purchase. In some cases B2B is not so much a matter of generating revenue as it is a matter of making connections with business partners. 1.1.1 . B2B e-commerce B2B e-commerce requires the technological sharing of information among supplies, retailers, distributors, and other interested parties to create electronic relationships. B2B e-commerce does not just comprise the transaction via the Internet, but also the exchange of information before and the service after a transaction. From the purchasing company’s point of view, B2B e-commerce is a medium for facilitating procurement management by reducing the purchase price and the cycle time.   [ 2 ]    The key players usually include selling and buying companies, deliverers, and often some type of electronic intermediaries, or third-party service providers. These associations can take many forms, yet most fall into three models. These models are classified depending on who controls the marketplace: the supplier, the buyer or the intermediary: (a) In a Supplier-Oriented Marketplace: many buyers face few suppliers. (b) In a Buyer-Orientated Marketplace: few buyers fa ce many suppliers. (c) In an Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace: many buyers face many suppliers. A) Supplier-Oriented Marketplace Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces offer a group of customers a wide spectrum of products and services and also support them in their own business. The markets can involve proprietary auctions, bid systems, and exchanges. By using Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces, suppliers are offered new types of market channels in marketing and distribution. Products can be sold directly to the customer without using intermediaries. Most manufacture-driven electronic stores use this form of market place. Successful examples of this business model are e.g. Dell and Cisco.   [ 3 ]   Both Dell and Cisco sold and sell their products via the Internet. However, not only Dell and Cisco use the Supplier-Oriented Marketplace, there are thousands of other companies using this model. Cisco’s main business is providing electronic support using the Internet. The main applicati ons are software downloads, defect tracking and technical advice. Cisco’s business model also includes customer service and finding order status, as well as selling routers, switches and other network interconnect devices.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 8

Assignment - Essay Example In the real sense, corruption affects the general physical infrastructure of a country/ region, including construction of roads, schools, health facilities, and conservation of the environment (Radin, 2013; Ionescu, Lazaroiu and Iosif, 2012). Certain variables either mediate or moderate the relationship between these two perceptions. For instance, more mature people (those in relatively more advanced ages) tend to have better understanding of corruption and its effects, and may consequently tend to rate corruption significantly higher than younger persons. Explaining this observation, Porumbescu and Im (2013) further noted that ‘more educated’ individuals are more conscious of corruption in society, and can relate its effects to service delivery more easily than the less educated. Based on these established discussions, the present analysis attempted to conceptualize how perceptions on corruption could be related to the perceived impediments to quality service delivery, including provision of high standard infrastructure. Respondents’ satisfaction with eight items that constitute infrastructural wellbeing was assessed. These include public transport systems, roads and highways, schools, quality of air, quality of water, quality of health care, quality of housing, and the beauty or physical setting of the localities within which the respondents live. Again, based on the findings in the mentioned research articles, the researcher hypothesized that higher perceived levels of corruption in government are significantly related to lower levels of satisfaction with service delivery. Similarly, age and educational level are estimated to relate with the perceived level of satisfaction such that as either increases, the level of satisfaction decreases. Age and educational attainment are also theorised to have a linear relationship with the perceived level of corruption, implying that as either of the

Managerial policy in HM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerial policy in HM - Essay Example Many people continue to refer to the discipline by its older, more traditional titles, such as, personnel management. The trend is changing. The new term nowadays used in industry circles is HRM. Its significance lies not so much in the observable practice of its functions but in the assumption that it permits practitioners to make. The assumption are that - (i) it is capable of contributing to, and drawing from, the highest levels of managerial policy; (ii) It is driven by both strategic and operation goals; (iii) It conceives of the organization as an environment in which managerial discretion is permitted freer ruin than in a more traditional employment relationship; (iv) employee attachment and engagement in the organization are seen and accepted as major managerial responsibilities which are not moderated by external bodies such as trade unions. What is more interesting is the fact that HRM activities are now expected to contribute to organizational effectiveness. Looking at the broader perspective of HRM policy within organization, HR practitioners and academicians are also of the opinion that by aligning HR policies and practices with business strategies, the field of HRM can become a greater strategic contributor to organizational performance and success (Mathis and Jackson). HRM, its concepts definition, study and application have d... Secondly, the unity and diversity of these models serve as initial inputs in drafting tailor made HRM model for organizations. Thirdly, these models offer answers to quite a few dilemmas that practitioner encounter in their mission to pursuer an organizationally dove tailed and business aligned human resource function. The focus of HRM is on keeping the optimal quantity and quality of people needed to achieve the objective of the organization. HRM first emerge as a concept in the mid-1980 when American researchers produced two models. One of the model is called Harvard model developed by Beer et al. (1984), who defined HRM as that which maximizes organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work. They emphasized a need for coherence in HRM policies and role of the line managers. But it is the Harvard Model that has exerted considerable influence over the theory and practice of HRM. Harvard Model of HRM: The type of HRM policies and practices an organization prefers should be dependent upon its organizational vision, mission, strategy, Goals and objective. In quite a few cases, such HR practices shall also be devised and adopted in time with external environment of organizations. In other words, HR policies and practices are subject to influence by internal and external environment of organizations. Harvard model of HRM propounded by Michael Beer, Richard Walton, Quinn mills, P. Lawrence and Bert Spector highlighted this influence of environment on HRM is their book titled Managing human Assets published in 1984. This model also known as soft model of HRM / Harvard Map of HRM / multiple stakeholders model, argues that human resource policies are to be influenced by two significant considerations: (1) Situational factors: The