Introduction to Elasticity in Economics

When introducing the concepts of supply and demand, economists often make qualitative statements about how consumers and producers behave. For example, the law of demand states that as the price of a good or service increases, the demand for that good or service decreases. The law of supply states that the quantity of a good produced tends to increase as the market price of that good increases. While these laws are useful, they dont capture everything that economists would like to include in the supply and demand model; as a result, economists have developed quantitative measurements such as elasticity to provide more detail about market behavior. Elasticity, in short, refers to the relative tendency of certain economic variables to change in response to other variables. In economics, it is important to understand how responsive quantities such as demand and supply are to things like price, income, the prices of related goods, and so on. For example, when the price of gasoline increases by one percent, does the demand for gasoline go down by a little or a lot? Answering these sorts of questions is extremely important to economic and policy decision making, so economists have developed the concept of elasticity to measure the responsiveness of economic quantities. Types of Elasticity Elasticity can take a number of different forms, depending on what cause and effect relationship economists are trying to measure. Price elasticity of demand, for example, measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price. Price elasticity of supply, in contrast, measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in price. Income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in income, and so on. How to Calculate Elasticity Measures of elasticity all follow the same basic principles, no matter which variables are being measured. In the discussion that follows, well use price elasticity of demand as a representative example. Price elasticity of demand is calculated as the ratio of the relative change in quantity demanded to the relative change in price. Mathematically, the price elasticity of demand is just the percent change in quantity demanded divided by the percent change in price: Price elasticity of demand Percent change in demand / Percent change in price In this way, the price elasticity of demand answers the question What would be the percent change in quantity demanded in response to a one percent increase in price? Notice that, because price and quantity demanded to tend to move in opposite directions, the price elasticity of demand usually ends up being a negative number. To make things simpler, economists will often represent price elasticity of demand as an absolute value. (In other words, the price elasticity of demand could just be represented by the positive part of the elasticity number, eg. 3 rather than -3.) Conceptually, you can think of elasticity as an economic analog to the literal concept of elasticity. In this analogy, the change in price is the force applied to a rubber band, and the change in quantity demanded is how much the rubber band stretches. If the rubber band is very elastic, the rubber band will stretch a lot. If its very inelastic, it wont stretch very much, and the same can be said for elastic and inelastic demand. In other words, if demand is elastic, it means a change in price will result in a proportional change in demand. If demand is inelastic, it means a change in price will not result in a change in demand. You may notice that the equation above seems similar, but not identical to, the slope of the mand curve (which also represents price versus quantity demanded). Because the demand curve is drawn with the price on the vertical axis and quantity demanded on the horizontal axis, the slope of the demand curve represents the change in price divided by the change in quantity rather than the change in quantity divided by the change in price. In addition, the slope of the demand curve shows absolute changes in price and quantity whereas price elasticity of demand uses relative (i.e. percent) changes in price and quantity. There are two advantages to calculating elasticity using relative changes. First, percent changes dont have units attached to them, so it doesnt matter what currency is used for the price when calculating elasticity. This means that elasticity comparisons are easy to make across different countries. Second, a one-dollar change in the price of an airplane ticket versus the pr ice of a book, for example, are likely not viewed as the same magnitude of change. Percentage changes are more comparable across different goods and services in many cases, so using percent changes to calculate elasticity makes it easier to compare the elasticities of different items.

The Discovery Of The New World - 1178 Words

America, the third largest country in the world, is a place that most people desire to live in. It is filled with fifty states and each with plentiful opportunities spread amongst it. America is considered the land of opportunity because it gives opportunities to immigrants that their country cannot provide them with such as: economic stability and educational resources. America is also known today as the melting pot because so many cultures have mixed together in one country to enjoy the same free lifestyle! The important question that everyone should be asking is, who discovered this extraordinary country that everyone enjoys the luxuries of today? To answer that question, Christopher Columbus is credited with the discovery of â€Å"The New World† as we know today as America. He is referred to as one of the greatest discovers’ during the Age of Discovery. Christopher Columbus is an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer. He was born in 1451 in the Republic of Geno a, Italy. He was the son of a wool merchant. When he was barely in his adolescent years, he worked with his father but later went to sea at the age of fourteen. He was at sea until a tragic event happened in 1470. His journey ended when French pioneers attacked his ship as it was sailing along the coast in Portugal. His boat went down, but he swam to shore and found his way to Lisbon, which is the capital and largest city in Portugal. While there, he studied mathematics, astronomy, cartography, and navigation.Show MoreRelatedThe Discovery Of The New World1075 Words   |  5 PagesSince the arrival of Columbus to the New World in 1492, it began a new era for the Spanish Empire. During this time Spain successfully conducted the Reconquista back home and were power hungry for more land to conquer to keep the momentum going. The early explorations would lead to bigger conquest and fortunes for the Spaniards. After the reunification of Spain with Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, they financed the expedition for the Genoese explorer, Christopher Columbus, for trading routesRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World903 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the discovery of the New World in 1492 many issues and uproars took place. Particularly, Christopher Columbus viewed America as an opportunity for mankind to begin again. While Bartolomeo de las Cases considered the New World a place of abuse for the Native Americans and took the initiative to save the Native people. In general, the Europeans felt that the America had benefits and major setbacks of coming to the new lands. The following documents â€Å"The Meaning of America†, â€Å"Utilizing the NativeRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe discovery of the New World brought many irreversible changes not only for the European countries, but to the natives of the land that was being discovered. The sense of ex ploration began expanding more and more among the European powers. Every time the explorers invaded, they would be more avaricious and aggressive against the natives of the land. Along with diseases and inhumane treatments, the European powers also brought education to the â€Å"uneducated† crowds of areas such as India, Africa,Read MoreThe Discovery Of The New World Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesoverthrow of a suppressive government in favor of a new government, but it is also defined as a large change in society, or how it works. After the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus, European Nations competed in a race against one another to claim pieces of the new land. Before Columbus found this land, the sea separating the New World from Europe seemed endless. The Europeans were only interested in the land to the East. But with the New World there was so much to explore. The EuropeansRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World1641 Words   |  7 Pagesship design t hat lead to the discovery of the New World and enabled the subsequent expansion in global trade? In this paper I will examine the changes and improvements in European ship design that allowed for the first transatlantic voyage to the New World. Though the Europeans were not the first to develop the concept of the ship, they were the first to take this concept and use it to cross the Atlantic. Even before Columbus sailed across the Atlantic to the New World, Europe had a long maritimeRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World1128 Words   |  5 Pageswe really thank Columbus? He was not the first European to discover America, but he was the first to set voyage and sail across the fearful Atlantic to land in the New World. Soon the Spanish, Portuguese, British, Dutch and other European nations grew curious of this land on the other side of the world. The discovery of the New World was responsible for the transport of foods, domesticated plants, animals, diseases and most importantly human beings. The Atlantic Slave Trade became a thriving businessRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World1257 Words   |  6 Pagesof America, recent World crops a bit like wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic , and New World crops a bit like maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. among land, there aren t any horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of recent World origin. apart from the placental, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals about the recent World, nor did it have theRead More Columbus and the New World Discovery Essay4487 Words   |  18 PagesColumbus and the New World Discovery October 12, 1992, marks the five-hundredth anniversary of the most crucial of all encounters between Europe and the Americas. In the contemporary global mood, however, the quincentennial of Christopher Columbuss landing in the New World - new, anyway, to the European intruders; old and familiar to its inhabitants - seems an occasion less for celebration than for mediation. Indeed, in some quarters the call is for penitence and remorse. Christopher ColumbusRead More The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesThe Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery The voyages of the Iberians marked history. The discovery of the new world meant the unification of two old worlds. These old worlds had different beliefs, attitudes, language, and values. The culture of these two worlds would never be the same. The native peoples of America at the end of the fifteenth century ranged from the simplest hunting-fishing-gathering societies to highly developed civilizations with urban and peasant componentsRead MoreDevastation of New World Ecosystems During the Age of Discovery3100 Words   |  13 PagesThe New World, in the minds and descriptions of European explorers and settlers during the sixteenth century, was comparable to a paradise on earth. The landscape was so vast and indescribably beautiful that even Columbus had trouble articulating its splendor. However, lacking a consciousness of conservation, Europeans felt little remorse in exploiting the land and subjugating its people. From the beginning Europeans set out to transform as much of the New World into the Old World as possible. As

Quality Control and Business Free Essays

Description of business The I-TEC Corporation is runned as a partnership of fifteen people. The numbers are important to guide the business to the right path of success. Ideas from each partner contribute to the growth of the business to new heights. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Control and Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objective of the business is to provide low cost computers. It was started to address the problems that the country was facing with the â€Å"up to date† technology. If a country doesn’t have access to computers, the citizens will not be able to know what is going on in foreign countries and will be classed as â€Å"stone age†. ————————————————- Location: The business is located in Cul-de-sac which is not too far from the capitals town. It is an ideal spot because of its accessibility to transportation. Vehicles can both leave and enter the capital without the extra cost. It is also close to the docks where the business imports different parts for the manufacturing of the computers. It is also a government incentive, meaning the land was cheaper if the business had to purchase its own land. The type of labor needed is -professional -skilled -semi-skilled -unskilled Professional Management (1 for each sector of management)- to assist with the initial stability of the business also to check on production and marketing aspects. Skilled Workers, It technicians, inspectors, etc(5 in each department). to allow the business to be successful and to ensure that the work is being done right. Semi-skilled Drivers and transportation staff (about 12 drivers) – to ensure that products and raw material is transported in or out of the business safely. Unskilled Cleaning staff (10 to be able to cover that entire factory) – to ensure that the business is clean and a healthy environment. Sources of fixed and working capital Fixed capital started with a loan from the bank. This sum of money enabled the business to cover up cost of the foundation and structure of the building, transportation and various machinery. Working capital was funded by the partner’s personal expenditure after saving money over the years and a small contribution by the bank ————————————————- As the entrepreneur I am the one with idea and goal to start off the business. Therefore I am the one how take serious accountability and inherits all the risks of the business. ROLES OF BEING THE ENTREPRENEUR -responsibility of taking the risks of owning a business -responsibility to ensure that the business is profitable ————————————————- all liabilities are directed straight to his funds ————————————————- Type of production The business has a domestic range of production. Meaning that the busi ness presently sells to the market available in the country it is situated in. after a few years, the business hopes to grow into an exporting production era, when we will sell to other countries around the world. Level of production The company has a secondary level of production. It produces products from their raw material state and then sells it to the market. Mainly the business focuses on the production of the product. In the secondary level of production, the business imports parts that are already manufactured from other companies and puts them together. ————————————————- Quality control measures Inspectors from the Bureau of Standards check the quality of products and equipment in the business. They certify that each product is of a certain standard for the country. There are also business inspectors to ensure that the business keeps up with the quality expected. They ensure that the best type of machinery and products are bought from the top manufacturers. The business inspectors also look at products at each stage of production to provide perfect quality. Use of technology In the aspect of technology the business uses it to its advantage. Computers, security cameras, machinery controls are used on a daily basis in the company. Technology is simply needed to make the business run smother and more effective. For example, the machinery is used to make the work load on the business’ human recourses much easier. The involvement with the World Wide Web also influences the progress of the business. Linkages The business mainly focuses on its forward linkages, which is people that the business sells to. The service sector, banking, education, financial, health, helps the business grow in many ways. A forward linkage benefits the business because it provides a steady market to sell products to the customers. ————————————————- Potential Growth Over a period of time, the business would be hoping to improve both internal and externally. INTERNAL The increase of working staff and increase in production. Develop on the products made and provide more variety of the items sold. Therefore the income earned by the business will increase. EXTERNAL The movement of location or expansion of the business. Opening more branches both locally and regionally. Government regulations Employment regulation-The business must have a regulation to permit employment to others. If not when the business employs people it would be illegal. Taxation- Taxation must be followed by all businesses to support the government to improve. This cooperation has no exception. Import and Export license- The business needs to be certified to export and import to other countries. Ethical issues Production – the business will have to have an environment friendly production plant where the emissions from the manufacturing plant will be reduced drastically. The company follows the theme less steam go green be clean. Disposal – the equipment that is not being used and the waste material is properly disposed by the company’s personal sanitation officers. Worker treatment – employees are treated with a family-like environment where each employee would feel like him or her is in a comfortable job. How to cite Quality Control and Business, Papers

Macbeth Hero Essay Example For Students

Macbeth Hero Essay The character of Macbeth is a example of a tragic hero. There are many factorswhich contribute to the deterioration of Macbeth of which three will bediscussed. The three points which contribute greatly to Macbeths deteriorationare the prophecy which was told to him by the witches, how Lady Macbethinfluenced and manipulated Macbeths judgment, and finally Macbeths long timeambition which drove his desire to be king. Macbeths growing characterdeterioates from a noble man to violent individual. The prophecies which weretold by the witches were one of the factors which contributed to thedeterioration of his character. If it had not been for the witches telling himthat he was to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis, and King of Scotland,Macbeth would still be his ordinary self. As a result of the prophecies, thisaroused Macbeths curiosity of how he could be King of Scotland. As the playprogresses, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. The influence ofMacbeths wife, Lady Macbeth a lso contributed to his deterioration of character. Lady Macbeths character in the beginning reveals that she is a lovable person. When Lady Macbeth was ready to kill King Duncan herself, it showed that LadyMacbeth could not murder King Duncan because he reminded her of her father. Thisproves that Lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her. Lady Macbeth plays animportant role in this play because she provided a scheme which caused Macbethto assassinate King Duncan. After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he laterregrets on his wrong doing. At the point of this play the audience can note thechange in Macbeths character. Macbeths first murder was a trying experiencefor him, however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solutionto maintain his reign of the people of Scotland. Therefore, it was Lady Macbethwho introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth. Macbeths ambition alsoinfluenced his declining character. However, Macbeths ambition had not beenstrong enough to carry the motive to kill King Duncan. Lady Macbeths influencealso comes in to play because if not for Lady Macbeth, his ambition would notha ve been intensified enough to drive him to obtain and maintain his title ofKing of Scotland no matter what it took, even if it meant murdering. Macbethsambition influenced the cause of his new character. This new character ofMacbeth contained greed, violence, and power hunger. Macbeth shows this when hekills King Duncan. In conclusion, the prophecies given to him by the witches,Lady Macbeths influence and plan, and his intensified ambition, all contributedgreatly to his deterioration of character which resulted to hisdownfalldeath. Therefore Macbeth character displays strong signs of a tragichero, making him the ideal classic example. Shakespeare

Deaf Culture And Alcoholism Essays - Deaf Culture, Deafness

Deaf Culture And Alcoholism Deaf Culture and Alcoholism Abstract Why is it so hard for the deaf to deal with admitting they are alcoholics or drug addicts which is an impediment for recovery? Why is it so hard for them to stay sober once they have achieved it for a few weeks or months? What do you think the main reasons are? Having worked with the deaf for over 30 years I will try to answer these questions and research other aspects of the deaf culture, their mode of communication and alcoholism. Although it may seem that communication is an aspect of every culture, two of the unique features are that there is not always a common language between parents and child, and there is no written form of the language. Thus, the deaf culture becomes unique, and through this uniqueness, they become isolated both from their peers and the hearing population. According to Marie Egert Rendon in her article, Deaf and Alcohol and Substance Abuse ?Substance abuse is a sensitive issue about which the deaf community does not yet feel comfortable talking. For many with in the community, it remains a moral issue; the denial of pathological drinking is very strong.? (Rendon, 1992) Isolation is a well-known stressor and the denial of alcohol use in the family unit has long existed in the deaf community. The family structures and the cohesiveness of the family in their form of communications is a factor that must be considered. The deaf have had limited or strained access to their own cultural rights. They have been denied the right to their own language, their own community groups, and even have limited access to the majority culture because of communication barriers. Because of the sense of oppression, isolation has perpetuated the denial process. In addition, language, family, friendships, and services available to the deaf culture and native language have many innuendoes. ?Since the deaf culture is built around the language that the deaf people use- American Sign Language (ASL)- the culture is rarely accessible to the hearing world, due to the difficulty of mastering ASL.? (Rendon, 1992) Family communication includes several dimensions, among them the mode, content and structure of communication. Mode of communication is frequently raised in discussions about communication within families having a deaf member. Communication mode use refers to the use of speech, sign, or some other method of face- to-face communication. (Kluwin, 1990) Because of these barriers and other misunderstandings, alcohol and drug recovery treatment programs remain inaccessible. In addition to the recognition of communication difficulties, alcohol and drug service providers need to be acknowledgeable about deaf cultures, sensitive to the deaf issues, and aware of preferred methods of communication, including the use of interpreters, both in treatment programs and in recovery groups. (Luetke-Stahlman, 1994) One of the biggest problems is that the deaf do not have sobriety long enough to be of help to other deaf people. Although that is beginning to change most are still dependent on the hearing to a degree. As the years go on the length of sobriety continues to grow. The problem of alcohol and substance abuse in the deaf community is a reality. The culture of the deaf often provides a shelter and a barrier to recovery by encouraging isolation and denial. Little by little, information and education are bringing members of the deaf community into treatment programs and, thus, the cycle of repeated alcoholism can be broken. There are treatment programs that are specifically designed to serve the deaf, and there are programs that have some services for the deaf. However, this breaking down of the isolation and denial barriers requires continued efforts on behalf of a community already stretched to its limits. The deaf alcoholic or drug-addicted individual can achieve recovery only when advocacy promoting and achieving accessibility is the reality and not the rarity. When the deaf community openly admits that regardless of culture, race, or creed, alcoholism and drug abuse affects all cultures and that recovery is a right for everyone. It is not a sti gma, and it is definitely not a moral issue. This is a lesson we need to be aware of and be of service to the deaf population. There are many more AA groups in the

Level of Credibility in the USA

Level of Credibility in the USA 1. Al Gore Former U.S. Presidential CandidateAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Level of Credibility in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current Occupation: Environmental Conservation Advocate 2. Warren Buffet CEO Berkshire Hathaway, 2nd Richest Man in the World, Estimated fortune $55 Billion Current Occupation: Investor, Philanthropist 3. Oprah Winfrey first Billionaire African American, Pioneer of televised intimate public discourse Current Occupation Retired, Philanthropist. 4. Mark Zuckerberg Creator of FacebookAdvertising Looking for assessment on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current occupation Facebook owner and CEO 5. Barrack Obama First African American U.S. President Current Occupation President of the United States The various individuals that have been listed above have all impacted U.S. socie ty in their own unique way. Mark Zuckerberg has helped changed the way we communicate and interact with people online, Barack Obama has shown that minorities can rise to great heights of achievement, Oprah Winfrey became one of the first African American billionaires showing that poverty among minorities can be overcome, Al Gore is championing the cause of the environmental movement even though he lost in his run to be president and finally Warren Buffet has become a stellar example of proper and responsible investing in a world where investors are thought to be cut throat and purely money oriented. All these individuals in their own way reflect the qualities inherent to credibility through their own legitimizing factor. Legitimizing factors refer to aspects inherent to these particular individuals that lend a certain amount of credence and authority to their words and deeds (Tormala, 684). This can come in the form of either academic knowledge in their particular field, recent nota ble accomplishments from which they received public acclaim and distinction, or even a certain type of distinction attained through current actions or the attainment of a particular position of notability (Tarver, 412). This legitimizing factor can be seen in the various individuals given as examples since through their inherent qualities such as their character in the public eye they are afforded a certain level of credibility which in turn gives them the ability to properly persuade audiences regarding the righteousness of their actions or statements. As seen from the various examples given, they all come from diverse backgrounds ranging from politics, economics to technological development yet each has a distinct similarity in terms of the attitude they bring to the public eye. Each of these individuals emphasize on the nearly endless opportunities available to the common individual.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Level of Credibility in the USA sp ecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They state that individuals can create great things as it can be seen from their own experiences, that the only limitation is a persons inability to see the opportunity that is right before their eyes. What must also be understood is that credibility often comes hand in hand with the accomplishments and power that a person currently wields. In the case of the examples given one distinct types of power emerges, namely, the power of influence through accomplishment. From Al Gore all the way down to Barack Obama the power of influence through accomplishment can be seen in the various goals these people set for themselves and actually accomplished which lends them a distinct air of credibility in terms of public perception towards them. As a result this creates a form of empowerment through which these particular individuals are given credibility through public identification with their various accomplishments. Bas ed on what has been presented on the various individuals chosen for this paper it can be seen that creation of the perception of credibility is often attached to either particular accomplishments or a sense of public identification for that particular individual towards a particular subject that creates perception of credibility. As such when addressing an audience during persuasive presentations it often important to create an initial sense of public identification between you as a speaker and the topic that you are discussing. This often comes in the form of stating that you accomplished a particular task which gives you the ability to speak about it or that youve attained a certain degree of educational accomplishment in a particular field enabling you to make your own persuasive arguments regarding it. Tarver, Jerry. Communication and Credibility. Vital Speeches of the Day 47.13 (1981): 412. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. Tormala, Zakary L., Pablo Brià ±ol, and Richard E . Petty. When credibility attacks: The reverse impact of source credibility on persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42.5 (2006): 684-691. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web.Advertising Looking for assessment on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Research controversy surrounding the constitutionality of using civil Paper

Controversy surrounding the constitutionality of using civil junctions against gangs - Research Paper Example Law enforcement department simply requires to present concrete and enough evidence associating the person to the named gang. The law enforcement agency should provide the identity of people they hang out with, the color of clothes they wear and the tattoos on their body. Due to this, gang injunctions in the US have elicited a heated debate and controversy. Civil rights lobbyists argue that the strategy and the system is not effective and that it violates human rights. They assert that it is unconstitutionally wrong to allow gangs to operate legally. This according to the civil rights movement motivates racial profiling and suppressive policing. Further, they assert that it criminalizes young individuals who may never have done or committed some crimes (O'Deane 48). Wearing wrong colors or a minor mistake or being spotted conversing with a known gang member can be sufficient to get you listed as a gang member. Once an individual is on the list, it is difficult to get a job and difficu lt to escape the area that funnels you into a gang. Law enforcement agents have used injunctions for a long time in fighting gang violence in California. It was first used in Los Angeles in the 1980s; the strategy has proved ineffective in fighting gang violence. ... Supporters of gang injunctions have asserted that the various limitations and threat of penalties act as a deterrent to criminal activities. Nevertheless, in case the reason injunctions are successful has nothing to do with the penalties and limitations that draw the attention of civil rights lawyers. The answer centers on what happens to the gang members when police officers give them evidence they possess of their criminal activities. Traditionally, police officers conceal the information before letting the case to proceed to trial. The law enforcers assume that informing the criminals or gang members about the evidence they have collected against them only assists them defend themselves during trial. However, the success of the gang injunctions is psychological in that by informing the criminals know that they are being monitored, they eventually change and modify their actions and behaviors (Grogger 77). Civil gang injunctions emerged out of extreme anxiety. In the early 190s, th e Los Angeles law enforcers were finding it to control and manage the gangs and these gangs were almost taking control of the city. Assault, homicide, and robbery rates were increasing rapidly. The drug business seemed to be increasing. The gang fights and shooting happened in daylight in public areas. Due to these heinous and criminal activities, gang injunctions were introduced as a strategy for the law enforcement agencies to control the gang activities in the city. Police officers and other law enforcers got a civil court injunction forbidding gang activity in some cities such as Pomona, West Covina, and Santa Ana in Los Angeles. The civil injunctions saw police officers address gang members as a group

The Implications of Global Competitiveness on U.S. Unionization Essay

The Implications of Global Competitiveness on U.S. Unionization - Essay Example This essay discusses that in the late nineteenth century, unions were formed by craftsman or artisans; they had a high degree of autonomy in their political and economic activity The first union was formed by the name â€Å"Federation of Organized Trade and Labor Unions† in the year 1881. This later transformed into â€Å"American Federation of Labor† in 1886. The main objective was to maximize the members of the group and consider the well being of the members of the group. The labor unions are formed unintentionally in the USA; they have become precursor in the US organizations. They are formed out of mutual interest or perceived danger. The latter is always a reason for cohesiveness among workers in an organization. The relation between threat and cohesiveness is hypothetical but linked. Let us take an example from John Fossum’s theory of â€Å"Relationship between threat and Cohesiveness†. According to John A. Fossum, The cohesiveness of a group are of two types: Group Cohesiveness –The group is formed due to similar interest. They tend to behave similarly, as they have a similar thought process, beliefs, norms etc. Class Cohesiveness: The classes of employers and employees are different. The relationship is also very different. As the class consciousness increased, so did the unionization. The practice of labor relation process is governed by the laws incorporated by the organization. The laws incorporated by the organization are universally applicable, as they are a common set of laws used by all organizations. The act was enacted in 1935. This act gave authority to the private sector employees to engage in an organized union activity. It also gave workers the right to select their own representatives and to bargain with their own employees. The employers had no right to intervene in their decision making. Farm workers were debarred from the rights. There was a severe decline in labor unions during the years 1977 to 1987 . This was due to increased competiveness from local and international competitors. In this period the number of US workers in the manufacturing industry declined by 2.6 million, whereas there was a decline of 1.2 million workers from the period 1987 to 1997.

Core nursing competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Core nursing competencies - Essay Example They are, providing patient focused care. The nurse should have the patient as the center of their attention in providing fully fledged care and attention. A patient is the main reason for the existence of the nursing occupation anyway. Therefore it is the role of the nurse to provide ultimate care to the patient without diverging interest. The second competency involves being able to work in interdisciplinary groups. This competency requires respect among workers which is one of the provisions in the ANA code of ethics. Interdisciplinary workers come from different departments in the health care system who work together to provide health care services. All the professionals in healthcare work together to attend to the patient’s needs and meet effective patient care results. The third competency is using evidence based practice. This requires knowledge of processes and procedures in handling patients well enough. Methods of handling patients should be established so as to iden tify the methods that suit patients most. The third competency involves utilizing quality improvement. Multiple strategies get used in order to maximize the use of resources in serving patients. This should aim at making quality improvement effective. The best research strategies get utilized, clinical expertise are not disregarded and patient values to make patient care decisions. The fifth competency is use of informatics. This involves error reduction, good management of information as well as knowledge, decision making and communication. Nursing from a health care perspective looks at the many challenges that nurse’s face in their work. Most nurses can relate to stories of victimization at their workplaces (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). Form the interviews of nurses on their experiences as nurses, it is right to conclude that it is an occupation that contains a lot of challenges to face. Some of the challenges in the nursing profession include the media’s nega tive image, challenges in nursing recruitment as well as retention, workplace culture and education. There have claims that nursing education theory differs from the practical work. Nursing is also disconnected from other spheres of influence in other areas of study. There is poor communication with other disciplines as stated. This creates a gap between nursing and other disciplines that could contribute to the efficiency of nursing. These other disciplines offer unique perspectives that could offer interprofessionalism. Health care safety remains a key matter in the profession. Safe practice with all people the nurses come in contact with improves communication with them. It also involves the nurse’s ability to think critically and apply the knowledge they have gained (American Holistic Nursing Association, 2012). They put their skills best in use and use their general wisdom in providing their service. Victimization, powerlessness and the inability to achieve things in the nursing profession has been a hurdle needed to be overcome. This has resulted in the undermining of the nursing profession. Many get external information that nursing is a hard and challenging job that would not be as satisfying. Nurses in the profession already get leveled at a lower status than other professions. It would not be because health care is undermined but how people perceive nurses. As This results to fewer people having the interest to become nurses. Nurses in colleges do not get enough preparation on

The Impact Of Cell Phones: GPA

The Impact Of Cell Phones: GPA Cell phones adopted by young generation in recent year, have become global phenomena around the world. Thus, with the emergence of this technology almost everyone has tried to adopt these cell phones. We found in this research that cell phone usage had a negative impact on students GPA. Students using their cell phone during class, they also receiving and sending text messages during their class so they were able to pay less attention to lecture and thus it had negative impact on students performance. Key terms: Cell phones usage, Academic performance, GPA Introduction Commercialization of cellular phone technology has increased its use in recent years. In Pakistan total subscribers for cell phones till 12 September 2012 have reached to 120,513,430 (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority). The adoption of cell phones by young generation has been a global phenomenon in recent years. It has become an integral part of adolescents daily life and has become one of the most popular forms of communication. In todays world almost every student is having cell phone in their pocket, clipped to a belt, or hidden in a brief case or purse and knows perfect usage of it. As technology is growing every day at very fast rate, and is bringing positive and negative effects for society and so is with cell phone technology that has brought both positive and negative effects. It is commonly observed that these cell phones have also become status symbol for youth and they have indulged themselves in the competition of having best and most updated cell phone with maximum fe atures. Todays youth prefer cell phones more as compared to internet or any other social activity. Young people own cell phone and also want to upgrade it as soon as new model is launched in the market. Cell phones are that much involved in our life that the person who own cell phone is tend to be thought socially connected, independent, modern and in demand by the society. One of the most used applications of cell phones by our young generation is text messaging and these cellular network companies have also played a vital role in negatively affecting our young generation by introducing a number of packages for text messaging and calls also. Students of today are master in fastest text messaging and are seen text messaging while at home, at university, traveling ,in classroom and specially while studying. Communication with fellow students, professors, parents, and everyone else is just a click away. Most of the students use it for chatting with friends. This research paper explores the impact of cell phones` usage on students academic performance. We examined the effect of mobile usage on the grades among university students. Literature Review Cell phones and academic performance: The invention of cell phone has brought revolutionary change in the world. And thus bought change in the lifestyle of people using it including students. In 2005, the number of cell phone subscribers worldwide will reach 2 billion (Deloitte Research, 2005). And in Pakistan total fixed phone subscriber by December 2011 reached to only 3,098,117, less than mobile phone subscriber that were 120,151,253 till December 2011 (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority). Surveys have consistently shown that cell phone is used and loved more than television or internet by students, whether they are using internet or watching television they are having cell phone in their hands. Through common observation we also evaluated that students need to return to their home if they forget to take it with them. Thus with the emergence of this technology almost everyone has tried to adopt these cell phones and are addicted to its usage that they think their work done become difficult without its services and t hey are unable to stay connected with their friends and family. The main issue for teachers is the disturbance created in class room due to cell phone calls and texting. Combining this with the ease of hiding the device due to its small size, makes it very difficult for teachers to control it. Students are excited to find out that who has called and what the message is, young people are reluctant to turn off their cell phone during class time. Usually students kept their devices on during lectures with themselves and also sometimes forget to turn profile silent during class and its ringing create disturbance in class. Campbell (2006) found that students and faculty view the ringing of cell phone in class to be a serious problem. It is clear that if students spend time texting, they will not be able to pay attention to class lecture, will not be able to understand the topic and will not be able to produce good result in class, this will have impact on their grade points. Through common observation it is observed that today students are busy with this technology, spends 90% of their time with cell phones and dont pay attention to their studies. And if they pretend to their parents that they are studying in their room, they are actually dodging their parents, it is such a small device that they can easily hide them and lie with their parents. Students are trying to make as many friends whether girl or boy as they can, keeping themselves busy all day and night, as these network companies for their own profit have introduced a lots of cheap packages for call and messaging. All these activities in which students have engaged themselves in todays world are demolishing their present and future. After explaining negative aspect there are some positive impact also, it helps students to stay connected with their group members when assigned some group work from their teacher and can also contact their teachers in time of having any difficulty regarding their assignments. In school it also helps teacher to tell their parents about any serious problem happened to the students and also helps teacher to text their parent if they are absent from school. Students are supposed to use mobile phones whole night texting their friends. It is interesting to note that there are few common family rules about young peoples use of the cell phone. In fact, many adolescents (58%) reported that there were no rules set by their parents about their cell phone use and only 12% reported that their parents used removal of their cell phones from them as punishment (Metthews, 2004). Probably because of the sleeping issue it has been found that parents have to take cell phone from their children at night while going to sleep. Some reported that parents had to ask their children to stop using phone at night as then students are unable to wake up early in the morning for their university, school or college or they feel sleepy during class and do not pay proper attention. Along with academic performance cell phones have also positively and negatively affected social relationships. With the emergence of mobile phones individuals are able to stay connected with their friends, family and relatives living abroad. In addition to keeping up with social relationships, individuals have also been able to increase productivity with their work because they can be hundreds of miles away from the office, and still have instant access to their e-mail, documents and contacts wherever they are (Tully, 2003). A trend that is becoming more apparent is present absences; this is the concept of how an individuals presence in a social setting changes regardless of their physical presence, they are only half-present (Fortunati 2008). Individuals attending any meeting with their friends, coworkers, boss or any type of social activity, they leave that place during conversation as soon as their cell phone rings or vibrate. Even when sitting with their parents they do not hesit ate to go ahead and answer the call without thinking that this could hurt them. Through observation, researchers have found that individuals typically will not hesitate to interrupt an ongoing conversation to answer the ringing of their cell phone. Cell phones have given a new way to individuals to form new relationships and to strengthen existing ones. Teens admitted spending nearly an equal amount of time talking as they do texting each month. The feature is so important to them that if texting was no longer an option, 47 percent of teens say their social life would end or be worsened especially among females (54 percent compared to 40 percent of males) (CTIA Survey 2008). Before the emergence of mobile technology, individuals have regular interaction with one another. As they have very little telephonic contact with one another so they are used to visit each other homes regularly. Even if any one of the family member is in hospital, their loved ones even if out of city make a visit instantly or the next day but now with the emergence of cell phones people are supposed to just ask about their health on phone call with their cell phones. Cell phones also create a factor of safety among parents. Parents feel satisfied if their children are having cell phone with them while going outside as they can contact them whenever they want. Even in the time of emergency they can call them. Not only parents can contact their children in the time of difficulty but children can also contact them in emergencies. But children also sometime misuse this device by telling lie to their parents and doing whatever they want to do outside, as their parents are satisfied with their lie. On the other side this device along with disadvantages has helped children and parents both to stay in contact when outside their home. As everything in this world have advantages and disadvantages both and it is upon us how we utilize it. Hypothesis Cell phones` usage will have a negative effect on students` academic performance. Model Cell phone usage Academic performance Methodology The data was collected by distributing questionnaire to students of different universities in Pakistan with the ages ranging between eighteen and thirty. A sample size of 150 students was taken in which 65 respondents were male and 85 respondents were female. The survey consisted of 24 questions, including cell phone impacts on students academic performance and social relationship. Multiple choice questions were asked. The reliability of the instrument was calculated by using SPSS. The instrument was personally administered to the sample. Demographic information (e.g., age, gender, university, degree, GPA) was also collected. Results After successfully collecting the data through distributing questionnaires in different universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, we have inserted that data in SPSS software data sheet and run desired functions necessary to know that what impact does independent variable (cell phone usage ) have on dependent variable (students academic performance). We have evaluated students academic performance by considering their GPA. From the correlation results as shown in TABLE 1, we have find that cell phone usage is having negative impact on students GPA i.e. (r= -0.303, p

Essay --

Heineken’s follows a differentiation business strategy and multi-domestic strategy. Heineken gains a competitive advantage by distinguishing their products by creating Premium Light beer line, portable draught beer system (DraughtKeg), and redesigning their bottles. Heineken Premium Light attracted customers without taking sales away from their other beer selection. The decision regarding the launch of their new product was to raise brand awareness in the U.S. market and react to changes in the growing global market. Major source of Heineken’s revenue comes from their subsidiaries. The mergers and acquisitions of the local beer brands in niche markets such as the recent five brewers in Nigeria have provided a gain in the local market share. Using a multi-domestic strategy, a major source of revenue results from their subsidiaries and they have had an increase in sales since 2006. The raw materials needed to produce the beer are mainly supplied by farmers. Therefore, the bargaining power of these suppliers is high and can affect Heineken’s costs. The consumers in the beer industry ha...